Jan 25, 2026

Table of Contents


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CONTENTS

1.Introduction : 

1.1  Career Growth in VLSI Industry

1.2  The Future of Semiconductor 

2. VLSI Topics

2.1  Semiconductor Job Portal - Intern & freshers  

2.2  Digital Design for Beginners and Professionals

2.3  Career Growth in VLSI Industry

2.4  The Future of Semiconductor 

2.6  VLSI Industry Update

2,7  List of Semiconductor Companies

2.8  Top 10 VLSI companies

2.9  VLSI Industry Updates

2.10 Engineering Basics

2.11 Open Sourced FREE CAD/EDA VLSI tools 

2.12 List of top 10 companies in Semiconductor - 2021 

2.13 The best top 20 universities for MS in Digital VLSI in USA

2.14 Solution: Verilog HDL A guide to Digital Design and Synthesis - Samir Palnitkar 

2.15 Question Answer on VLSI Semiconductor 

2.16 System on chip architecture 


 3. Digital Design:

3.1  Low Power Design Technique

3.7  UPF Example 

3.23 Type of Adders with Verilog Code

3.24 VHDL operator 

3.25 Asynchronous FIFO with Programmable Depth

3.26 Asic Implementation Design Cycle 

3.27  Comparing AMBA AHB to AXI Bus using System Modeling. 

3.28 Difference between I2C or CAN protocol ? 

3.29  Retention Cells - UPF



4. Semiconductor Interface/Bus Protocols

4.4  SPI

4.7  Microwire IP Interface 

6.18 Verilog code for Synchronous FIFO ( First In First Out  )

 6.19 SPI Controller 

6.20  CRC Generator  


10.3 Physical Aware Synthesis 

10.4 SDC file for DDR memory 


11. Integrated-Circuit Fabrication


12. AHB-AXI Protocol 


13. PCIe Protocol 


14. Solution  :Samir Palnitkar : A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis 

15. Place holder5


16. DAA


17. Scripting/Others

17.3  GVIM Help


18. Interview Preparation

18.5 Digital Design Interview Question on PCIe express 

 

19. Academic/ Educational Projects with Micro-Architecture and Verilog code

19.4  Microwire IP  


20. Verification


21. Physical Design

21.2 Physical Design - Common Questions  

21.3 FILLER CELLS  

21.4  Clock buffers and clock interverter 


22. General Question:

22.1  Logical Question

22.2  APTITUDE Question for Interviews


22B . VLSI Quiz 

22B.1  Quiz1 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz2 : Digital Design

 22B.2 Quiz 3 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz 4 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz 1 : UPF

22B.2 Quiz 2 : UPF 

22B.2 Quiz 3: UPF 

22B.2 Quiz 4 : UPF 

22B.2 Quiz UPF : Level Shifter

22B.2 Quiz: UPF : Power Switch 


23. Non-VLSI Topics:

23.8 How to start a academic project 

23.9  Team Leadership Score check 

23.10 Team Leadership Question/Answer

23.11 Being productive while working from home 


24. Salary Around the Globe

24.1 Norway Salary - Average salary for Senior Software Engineer in Norway with 10+ years experience? 

24.2  Sweden Salary - An Average salary in Sweden for IT professional  


25. Job Opportunities in Norway 

25.1  Norway Salary - Average salary for Senior Software Engineer in Norway with 10+ years experience? 

25.2  Is it hard to get a job in Norway, as a foreigner?

25.3  Living cost in Norway , compared with India

 

26. Finland Opportunities in IT Sector

26.1  Moving to Finland from India , is it worth ?

27. Funny Posts ( non technical )

27.1 40+ Photos That Evoke a Lot of Curious Questions and Can’t Be Explained


Jan 23, 2026

Current Affairs : India Today

28 Jan :
Ajit Pawar Plan crash updates :

----------------
23 Jan --
A shocking video from Greater Noida has sparked outrage online after a child was seen lying on the roof of a speeding luxury sports car inside a housing society. What looked like a “fun stunt” quickly turned into a serious safety concern, with police arresting the driver and seizing the car. Authorities later revealed the act was allegedly done to gain social media views—at the cost of a child’s life.
Such reckless stunts can cause severe head injury, spinal damage, internal bleeding, or even death if the child slips or the car brakes suddenly. Children’s bones and brains are still developing, making them far more vulnerable to high-impact trauma. No online fame is worth risking a young life.
Netizens summed it up best: “Baccha hai, khilona nahi.”
This incident is a reminder that child safety, responsible parenting, and road discipline must come before social media validation.


---------------


-- 23 JAN - Kerala case / Justice for Deepak
A false allegation led to public shaming, and a man lost his life. This is the real harm of socialmedia trials.
Men are suffering like hell because society judges instantly. No facts, no enquiry, no due process straight away character assassination.
In real harassment cases, most people react immediately shout, ask for help, complain to conductor or police within hours.
Here, instead of that, the video went viral first.
I did a morphological image analysis of the screenshot.
She looks very normal and calm direct camera look, relaxed face, no visible panic. This analysis is only about appearance, not emotions or proof.
Psychologically, this whole pattern looks like malingering, creating or exaggerating a victim story for attention (virality ) often seen with histrionic personality traits (traits only, not a diagnosis).
After everything went wrong and a man died, now the victim card is being played.
That’s a known defense mechanism to escape guilt, responsibility, and social backlash.



Jan 21, 2026

class 10 JEE practice test paper - 10 questions

JEE Physics: Electricity Quiz

JEE Foundation: Electricity

Question 1 of 10


Comment if you like and practice more !!

Jan 19, 2026

C/C++ MCQ - Check your skill set

C / C++ MCQ Quiz

C / C++ Interview MCQ Test

1. Which keyword prevents a variable from being modified?
2. Which operator is used to allocate memory dynamically in C++?
3. Which feature supports runtime polymorphism?
4. What is sizeof(char)?
5. Which container allows fast random access?
6. What is a dangling pointer?
7. Which function frees memory allocated by malloc?
8. Which keyword is used to inherit a class?
9. Which is NOT a C++ access specifier?
10. What does STL stand for?
11. Which loop executes at least once?
12. Which pointer manages memory automatically?
13. What is RAII?
14. Which keyword avoids compiler optimization?
15. What is the output of sizeof(int)?

C/CPP Interview Questions

 


✅ C & C++ Interview Question Bank (With Answers)


🔹 SECTION 1: C LANGUAGE (Core)


Q1. What is the difference between malloc() and calloc()?


Answer:


malloc calloc

Allocates memory Allocates & initializes to zero

Faster Slightly slower

Takes 1 argument Takes 2 arguments




Q2. What is a dangling pointer?


Answer:

A pointer that points to a memory location that has been freed or gone out of scope.



Q3. Difference between const int *p and int *const p?


Answer:

const int *p → value cannot be changed

int *const p → pointer cannot be changed



Q4. What is static keyword used for?


Answer:

Preserves variable value between function calls

Limits scope to file when used globally

Shares value across objects in C++



Q5. What is volatile keyword?


Answer:

Tells compiler not to optimize variable since it can change externally (used in hardware registers, ISR).



Q6. What is segmentation fault?


Answer:

Accessing invalid or unauthorized memory location.



Q7. What is structure padding?


Answer:

Extra bytes added by compiler to align data for faster access.



Q8. What is difference between stack and heap?


Answer:


Stack Heap

Automatic allocation Manual allocation

Faster Slower

Limited size Larger size




🔹 SECTION 2: POINTERS (Very Important)


Q9. What is pointer to pointer?


Answer:

A pointer that stores address of another pointer.



Q10. What is NULL pointer?


Answer:

Pointer that points to nothing (NULL or 0x0).



Q11. What is function pointer?


Answer:

A pointer that points to a function’s address.



Q12. Difference between array and pointer?


Answer:

Array name is constant

Pointer can be reassigned



🔹 SECTION 3: C++ BASICS


Q13. What is OOP?


Answer:

Programming model based on Object, Class, Encapsulation, Inheritance, Polymorphism, Abstraction.



Q14. Difference between C and C++?


Answer:

C → procedural

C++ → object oriented

C++ supports classes, inheritance, STL



Q15. What is constructor?


Answer:

Special function automatically called when object is created.



Q16. What is destructor?


Answer:

Function called automatically when object is destroyed.



Q17. Can constructor be private?


Answer:

Yes (used in Singleton pattern).



Q18. What is copy constructor?


Answer:

Initializes object using another object of same class.



Q19. What is virtual function?


Answer:

Function that supports runtime polymorphism using base class pointer.



Q20. What is virtual destructor?


Answer:

Ensures proper cleanup of derived class object.



🔹 SECTION 4: OOP CONCEPTS


Q21. What is encapsulation?


Answer:

Binding data and methods together and hiding internal details.



Q22. What is inheritance?


Answer:

Derived class inherits properties of base class.



Q23. What is polymorphism?


Answer:

Same function name behaving differently.



Q24. Difference between compile time and runtime polymorphism?


Answer:

Compile time → function overloading

Runtime → function overriding



Q25. What is abstraction?


Answer:

Showing only essential features, hiding implementation.



🔹 SECTION 5: ADVANCED C++


Q26. What is STL?


Answer:

Standard Template Library providing containers, algorithms, iterators.



Q27. Difference between vector and list?


Answer:


vector list

Contiguous memory Non-contiguous

Fast access Slow access

Slow insertion Fast insertion




Q28. What is smart pointer?


Answer:

Pointer that automatically manages memory.

Examples:

unique_ptr

shared_ptr

weak_ptr



Q29. What is RAII?


Answer:

Resource Acquisition Is Initialization — resource tied to object lifetime.



Q30. What is namespace?


Answer:

Used to avoid name conflicts.



🔹 SECTION 6: EMBEDDED / SYSTEM C & C++


Q31. Why use volatile in embedded systems?


Answer:

Variables can change due to hardware or interrupts.



Q32. What is ISR?


Answer:

Interrupt Service Routine — function executed on interrupt.



Q33. What is memory leak?


Answer:

Allocated memory not freed.



Q34. Difference between new/delete and malloc/free?


Answer:

new/delete call constructors/destructors

malloc/free do not



Q35. What is deadlock?


Answer:

Two processes waiting for each other indefinitely.



🔹 SECTION 7: COMMON TRICK QUESTIONS


Q36. Can main() be overloaded?


Answer:

No.



Q37. Can we have virtual constructor?


Answer:

No, but destructor can be virtual.



Q38. Can sizeof return zero?


Answer:

No.



Q39. Is C pass by value or reference?


Answer:

C supports only pass by value (reference via pointers).



Q40. Why sizeof(char) is always 1?


Answer:

Defined by C standard.


Huffman Decoder


Huffman decoder is used for data compression.

How the Decoder Works (Educational Steps)
  1. The Tree Search: In a Huffman tree, we start at the Root.
  2. The Binary Path:
    • If the bit is 0, we move to the Left child.
    • If the bit is 1, we move to the Right child.
  3. The Leaf Node: When we reach a "Leaf" (a node with a letter), we record that letter and jump back to the Root to start the next letter.
  4. Efficiency: Because no code is a prefix of another (Prefix Property), the decoder always knows exactly when a letter ends. 
Example for your Blog Post:
  • Map: A:0, B:10, C:110, D:111
  • Encoded String: 010110111
  • Decoding Process:
    • 0 → A
    • 10 → B
    • 110 → C
    • 111 → D
  • Result: ABCD

Decoder: Huffman Coding 📟

Jan 18, 2026

Class 2 EVS quiz - download or practice

Class 2 EVS: Nature & Science 🌍

CBSE 2026 Pattern | Multiple Choice Mega Set

Section A: Multiple Choice Questions (15 Marks)

1. Which of these is an internal organ?

brain

2. Which animal lives in a kennel?

dog

3. We wear woolen clothes in which season?

winter

4. A plant that needs support to grow upwards is a:

plant

5. Which sense organ helps us feel if something is hot?

touch

6. Which of these is a protective food?

apple

7. A family with parents, grandparents, and cousins is a:



8. Where should we cross the road?

road

9. Which animal is called the 'Ship of the Desert'?

camel

10. Bees give us ________.

honey

11. We use an umbrella in which season?

umbrella

12. Which of these is a living thing?



13. Which bird cannot fly?

ostrich

14. Air contains ________ which we breathe.



15. Which planet do we live on?

earth