Table of Contents

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CONTENTS

1.Introduction : 

1.1  Career Growth in VLSI Industry

1.2  The Future of Semiconductor 

2. VLSI Topics

2.1  Semiconductor Job Portal - Intern & freshers  

2.2  Digital Design for Beginners and Professionals

2.3  Career Growth in VLSI Industry

2.4  The Future of Semiconductor 

2.5  Reason for limited entry scope for Freshers in VLSI

2.6  VLSI Industry Update

2,7  List of Semiconductor Companies

2.8  Top 10 VLSI companies

2.9  VLSI Industry Updates

2.10 Engineering Basics

2.11 Open Sourced FREE CAD/EDA VLSI tools 

2.12 List of top 10 companies in Semiconductor - 2021 

2.13 The best top 20 universities for MS in Digital VLSI in USA

2.14 Solution: Verilog HDL A guide to Digital Design and Synthesis - Samir Palnitkar 

2.15 Question Answer on VLSI Semiconductor 

2.16 System on chip architecture 

 3. Digital Design:

3.1  Low Power Design Technique

3.2  Reset Removal and Recovery Time 

3.3  AND , OR gate using 2:1 Mux

3.4  Draw a  2 input NAND gate using 2:1 mux

3.5  Low Power design and verification

3.6  Which gate power consumption better than reversible logic gate?

3.7  UPF Example 

3.8  SDC File -  A Sample file for Synthesis

3.9  Pos n Neg edge detector

3.10 Lockup Latches

3.11 Selective Signal dumping in VPD VCS

3.12 Async Reset or Sync Reset for ASIC ?

3.13 Digital PLL

3.14 Complex Number

3.15 DLL and PLL

3.16 How to make XOR gate using NAND

3.17 What is MTBF ?

3.18 One's Complement

3.19 Two's Complement

3.20 Error Correction and Detection - SECDEC

3.21 Running Disparity

3.22 Open Sourced FREE CAD/EDA VLSI tools 

3.23 Type of Adders with Verilog Code

3.24 VHDL operator 

3.25 Asynchronous FIFO with Programmable Depth

3.26 Asic Implementation Design Cycle 

3.27  Comparing AMBA AHB to AXI Bus using System Modeling. 

3.28 Difference between I2C or CAN protocol ? 

3.29  Retention Cells - UPF

4. Semiconductor Interface/Bus Protocols

4.1  List of Protocols (PCIe, USB , etc.)

4.2  I²C (Inter-Integrated Circuit)

4.3  Universal asynchronous receiver/transmitter

4.4  SPI

4.5  PCI-Express - Overview

4.6  Transaction Layer in PCI Express

4.7  Microwire IP Interface 

5. Verilog Tutorial /Crash Course

5.1  Verilog Introduction

5.2  Refreshing your brain with Verilog

5.3  Verilog - Data Types 

5.4  Verilog - Statements  

5.5  Verilog Design Style

5.6  Verilog - System Task

5.7  Verilog Operators

5.8  Verilog - Reserved KeyWords

5.9  Parameterized Modules in Verilog

5.10 Timescale in Verilog

5.11 File Handling in Verilog 

5.12 Blocking and Non-Blocking in Verilog 

6. RTL Design Code 

6.1  Verilog Projects

6.2  RTL Verilog Code for Design

6.3  PCIe_Project_Update

6.4  Verilog Code for the counting number of 1's and 0's 

6.5  Verilog code for Asynchronous and Synchronous Reset Flip-Flop

6.6  Verilog code to detect Pattern

6.7  Verilog Code for Gray to Binary Code Converter

6.8  Verilog code for module 

6.9  Verilog code for FIR FILTER

6.10 Verilog code for parity checker (even parity/odd parity)

6.11 Verilog code square root of a number

6.12 Verilog Code for Round Robin Algorithm

6.13 Verilog Code for Binary to 7-segment LED converter 

6.14 Verilog Code for modules

6.15 Verilog Code for 8-bit ALU

6.16 Verilog Binary to gray code conversion

6.17 Verilog code and FSM design to generating custom waveform 

6.18 Verilog code for Synchronous FIFO ( First In First Out  )

 6.19 SPI Controller 

6.20  CRC Generator  

7. Clock Domain Crossing (CDC)

7.1  Clock Domain Crossing (CDC)

7.2  Convergence , divergence and re-convergence

7.3  CDC - Real time implementation

8. RTL Lint 

8.1  SpyGlass Custom Goal setup

8.2  Synchronizers list dump using SpyGlass Tool

9. STA

9.1  Unateness-> Positive Unate and Negative Unate

9.2  VLSI_EXPERT: Transition Violation in Semiconductor

10. Synthesis

10.1  .lib to/from .db conversion

10.2 fanout report on hierarchy in design in synthesis 

10.3 Physical Aware Synthesis 

10.4 SDC file for DDR memory 

11. Integrated-Circuit Fabrication

11.1 IC Fabrication : Interview Questions / Answers 

12. AHB-AXI Protocol 

12.1 How do split response and retry work for the AHB protocol?

12.2 Comparing AMBA AHB to AXI Bus using System Modeling.

13. PCIe Protocol 

13.1  PCI-Express - Overview

13.2  Transaction Layer in PCI Express

13.3  8b10encoder/decoder

13.4  Running Disparity

14. Solution  :Samir Palnitkar : A Guide to Digital Design and Synthesis 

14.1 Solution: Verilog HDL A guide to Digital Design and Synthesis - Samir Palnitkar 

15. Place holder5

16. DAA

16.1  Left Edge Channel Algorithm for detailed routing

16.2  Dynamic vs Static Timing Analysis

16.3  DAA: Design and Analysis of Algorithm 

16.4  DAA: Design and Analysis of Algorithm - QA 

17. Scripting/Others

17.1  GNOME - Terminal while login in VNC

17.2  Shell Script Tutorial

17.3  GVIM Help

17.4  List of Perl Scripts used in post data processing

18. Interview Preparation

18.1  VLSI Interview Questions

18.2  Generic interview Questions

18.3  Interview question on AXI protocol

18.4  Implementation of Logical Questions 

18.5 Digital Design Interview Question on PCIe express 

18.6  Digital Design Interview Question on Synthesis

 

19. Academic/ Educational Projects with Micro-Architecture and Verilog code

19.1  RoadMap For Academic Projects 

19.2  PCI-Express - Overview

19.3  Transaction Layer in PCI Express

19.4  Microwire IP  

20. Verification

20.1  Key Points in Mixed Signal Design Verification

21. Physical Design

21.1  What is the difference between a DRC and a DRV in VLSI PD?

21.2 Physical Design - Common Questions  

21.3 FILLER CELLS  

21.4  Clock buffers and clock interverter 

22. General Question:

22.1  Logical Question

22.2  APTITUDE Question for Interviews

22B . VLSI Quiz 

22B.1  Quiz1 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz2 : Digital Design

 22B.2 Quiz 3 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz 4 : Digital Design

22B.2 Quiz 1 : UPF

22B.2 Quiz 2 : UPF 

22B.2 Quiz 3: UPF 

22B.2 Quiz 4 : UPF 

22B.2 Quiz UPF : Level Shifter

22B.2 Quiz: UPF : Power Switch 

23. Non-VLSI Topics:

23.1  Worst Hiring Stories

23.2  You need to remove these 6 items from your resume asap

23.3  Resume Guideline if you are applying for job as a Freshers.

23.4  10 Things to remember while considering the offers from your next employer

23.5  Are you looking for job change ?

23.6  How to negotiate for the best when making a move from your present employer ?

23.7  where an engineer/fresher can get the job ?

23.8 How to start a academic project 

23.9  Team Leadership Score check 

23.10 Team Leadership Question/Answer

23.11 Being productive while working from home 

24. Salary Around the Globe

24.1 Norway Salary - Average salary for Senior Software Engineer in Norway with 10+ years experience? 

24.2  Sweden Salary - An Average salary in Sweden for IT professional  

25. Job Opportunities in Norway 

25.1  Norway Salary - Average salary for Senior Software Engineer in Norway with 10+ years experience? 

25.2  Is it hard to get a job in Norway, as a foreigner?

25.3  Living cost in Norway , compared with India

 

26. Finland Opportunities in IT Sector

26.1  Moving to Finland from India , is it worth ?

27. Funny Posts ( non technical )

27.1 40+ Photos That Evoke a Lot of Curious Questions and Can’t Be Explained

class 10 English Syllabus and practice test paper

 

As exam are coming near by,  Students must take practice test paper everyday to get top marks in class 10 CBSE board.

Here I am sharing the link for syllabus.

https://cbseacademic.nic.in/web_material/CurriculumMain26/Sec/English_LL_2025-26.pdf

Practice test paer : 

class 12 Maths Practice paper free download - Set 1

 

Perfect 👍 I’ll format it cleanly for Blogger (SEO-friendly + proper headings + neat structure + easy copy-paste HTML/text format).
You can directly paste this into Blogger (HTML view recommended for best formatting).

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📝 CBSE Class 12 Mathematics Sample Question Paper 2026

(All Chapters | As Per Latest CBSE Pattern | With Answer Key | 80 Marks)

Time: 3 Hours
Maximum Marks: 80

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📌 General Instructions

1. All questions are compulsory.
2. The question paper consists of 5 Sections: A, B, C, D and E.
3. Use of calculator is not permitted.
4. Draw neat diagrams wherever required.

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🔹 SECTION A (1 × 20 = 20 Marks)

Very Short Answer Type Questions

1. If A is a 3×3 identity matrix, then |A| equals:
   (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) –1
2. If f(x) = |x|, then f is:
   (a) Differentiable everywhere
   (b) Not continuous at 0
   (c) Continuous but not differentiable at 0
   (d) Neither continuous nor differentiable
3. The derivative of sin⁻¹x is:
   (a) 1/√(1−x²)
   (b) −1/√(1−x²)
   (c) √(1−x²)
   (d) 1/(1+x²)
4. ∫ dx/(1+x²) equals:
   (a) tan⁻¹x + C
   (b) sin⁻¹x + C
   (c) ln|x| + C
   (d) cot⁻¹x + C
5. If vectors a and b are perpendicular, then a·b equals:
   (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) |a||b| (d) −1
6. The direction ratios of x/2 = y/3 = z/4 are:
   (a) (2,3,4)
   (b) (1/2,1/3,1/4)
   (c) (4,3,2)
   (d) (3,2,4)
7. The probability of getting a head in a fair coin toss is:
   (a) 1 (b) 0 (c) 1/2 (d) 1/4
8. If P(A) = 0.6, P(B) = 0.5 and P(A∩B) = 0.3, then P(A|B) equals:
   (a) 0.6 (b) 0.5 (c) 0.3 (d) 0.4
9. The order of differential equation dy/dx = x² + y² is:
   (a) 2 (b) 1 (c) 3 (d) 0
10. lim x→0 (sin x)/x equals:
    (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ∞ (d) −1

11–20. (Continue similarly…)

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🔹 SECTION B (2 × 6 = 12 Marks)

Short Answer Type Questions

21. Find determinant of matrix
    | 1 2 |
    | 3 4 |
22. Differentiate y = x³ + 3x².
23. Evaluate ∫ x dx.
24. Find unit vector in direction of i + j + k.
25. Find equation of line passing through (1,2,3) and parallel to (2,1,1).
26. A die is thrown once. Find probability of getting a number greater than 4.

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🔹 SECTION C (3 × 8 = 24 Marks)

Short Answer Type Questions

27. Evaluate determinant:

| 1 1 1 |
| 1 2 3 |
| 1 3 6 |

28. Find dy/dx if y = sin x · cos x.
29. Evaluate ∫ x e^x dx.
30. Find area bounded by y = x and x-axis from x=0 to x=2.
31. Find angle between vectors
    a = i + 2j + 2k
    b = 2i + j + 2k
32. Find equation of plane passing through (1,1,1) and perpendicular to vector 2i + j + 3k.
33. Solve differential equation dy/dx = 2x.
34. A bag contains 3 red and 2 blue balls. Find probability of red ball.

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🔹 SECTION D (4 × 5 = 20 Marks)

Long Answer Type Questions

35. Find inverse of matrix

| 2 1 |
| 1 1 |

36. Find local maxima and minima of
    f(x) = x³ − 3x² + 2
37. Evaluate ∫₀¹ x² dx.
38. Find shortest distance between point (1,2,3) and plane x+y+z=6.
39. In binomial distribution n=5, p=1/2. Find mean and variance.

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🔹 SECTION E (Case Study Based Questions)

(5 × 4 = 20 Marks)

Question 40

Profit function: P(x)=x³−6x²+9x+15

(i) Find P'(x)
(ii) Find critical points
(iii) Determine intervals of increase/decrease
(iv) Find local maxima/minima

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Question 41

Line passes through A(1,2,3) and B(4,6,3)

(i) Direction ratios
(ii) Vector equation
(iii) Length AB
(iv) Unit vector along AB

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✅ ANSWER KEY

Section A

1. b
2. c
3. a
4. a
5. b
6. a
7. c
8. a
9. b
10. b
11. c
12. a
13. a
14. d
15. c
16. a
17. c
18. b
19. b
20. b

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Section B

21. −2
22. 3x² + 6x
23. x²/2 + C
24. (1/√3)(i + j + k)
25. r = (i + 2j + 3k) + λ(2i + j + k)
26. 1/3

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Section C

27. 1
28. cos²x − sin²x
29. x e^x − e^x + C
30. 2
31. cosθ = 8/9
32. 2(x−1) + (y−1) + 3(z−1) = 0
33. y = x² + C
34. 3/5

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Section D

35. | 1 −1 |
      | −1 2 |
36. Max at x=1, Min at x=2
37. 1/3
38. 0
39. Mean = 5/2, Variance = 5/4

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Current Affairs : India Today

28 Jan :

Ajit Pawar Plan crash updates :

AajTak Report

Live

----------------

23 Jan --

A shocking video from Greater Noida has sparked outrage online after a child was seen lying on the roof of a speeding luxury sports car inside a housing society. What looked like a “fun stunt” quickly turned into a serious safety concern, with police arresting the driver and seizing the car. Authorities later revealed the act was allegedly done to gain social media views—at the cost of a child’s life.

Such reckless stunts can cause severe head injury, spinal damage, internal bleeding, or even death if the child slips or the car brakes suddenly. Children’s bones and brains are still developing, making them far more vulnerable to high-impact trauma. No online fame is worth risking a young life.

Netizens summed it up best: “Baccha hai, khilona nahi.”

This incident is a reminder that child safety, responsible parenting, and road discipline must come before social media validation.

---------------

-- 23 JAN - Kerala case / Justice for Deepak

A false allegation led to public shaming, and a man lost his life. This is the real harm of socialmedia trials.

Men are suffering like hell because society judges instantly. No facts, no enquiry, no due process straight away character assassination.

In real harassment cases, most people react immediately shout, ask for help, complain to conductor or police within hours.

Here, instead of that, the video went viral first.

I did a morphological image analysis of the screenshot.

She looks very normal and calm direct camera look, relaxed face, no visible panic. This analysis is only about appearance, not emotions or proof.

Psychologically, this whole pattern looks like malingering, creating or exaggerating a victim story for attention (virality ) often seen with histrionic personality traits (traits only, not a diagnosis).

After everything went wrong and a man died, now the victim card is being played.

That’s a known defense mechanism to escape guilt, responsibility, and social backlash.